Background: Oocyte vitrification and assisted oocyte activation have increasingly important implications in assisted reproductive technology. However, an important area of concern with matured oocyte cryobiology is that elements of oocytes intimately involved in metaphase-II arrest may be modified by cryopreservation. In a comparison between different cellular characteristics of unvitrified, vitrified-warmed and unvitrified-activated oocytes, the present study investigated how vitrification-warming process may affect developmental competence of in vitro matured sheep oocytes following parthenogenetic activation.Materials and Methods: At 20-22 hours post-maturation (hpm), sheep oocytes were randomly divided for use as follows: 1. unvitrified, 2. vitrified and 3. unvitrifiedactivated.At half an hour after vitrification or parthenogenetic activation, the categorized oocytes were used for assessment of: 1. meiotic spindle and chromosomal organization, 2. zona-dissolution time, 3. DNA-fragmentation, 4.ultrastructural organization and 5. quantitative assessment of gene expression. Based on the results obtained during the first part of this study, further experiments were carried out to investigate if, and so how, different activation protocols affect in vitro development of vitrified-warmed vs. unvitrified oocytes. Accordingly, unvitrified (group i) and vitrified (group ii) oocytes were activated with nine different activation protocols, and then cultured for 8 days for assessment of embryonic development.Results: Structural, ultrastructural and molecular analyses indicated that the characteristics of vitrified-warmed oocytes vastly differed from fresh oocytes, yet resembled unvitrified-activated oocytes. For unvitrified oocytes, the highest blastocyst yield (41.8±0.6%) was achieved using maximum ionomycin concentration (5 mM), and importantly, the duration of ionomycin treatment was not of utmost importance at this concentration. In contrast, the maximum blastocyst yield of vitrified-warmed oocytes (28.4±1.4%) was achieved at minimal duration of ionomycin treatment (1 minute), and further increase in duration dramatically reduced developmental potential of vitrified-warmed oocyte.Conclusion: The obtained results suggested that vitrified- warmed oocytes may need a Specific activation protocol different from unvitrified oocytes. In this respect, unvitrified oocytes were more sensitive to the concentration rather than the duration of ionomycin treatment when compared with vitrified oocytes, which were sensitive to the treatment duration. These results may provide a platform to improve the potential applications of vitrified oocytes in medicine and agriculture.

Inlet in ramjet engines are used to reduce the air flow from free stream to the required speed for flame stability in the combustion chamber. Hence the precise and correct design of inlet have rightly influence on whole system of ramjet engine performance. At the present work, an axisymmetric supersonic inlet with external compression has been designed based on Requirements of the ramjet engine at Mach 2. 1. Steady flow simulation was done for inlet individually by CFD software in different fuel flow and Mach numbers to investigate the inlet performance that integrated by other parts of engine. Then transient simulation performed for integrated engine by selection of a special fuel flow-time function that injected in combustor. The results of simulation exhibited the shock velocity and performance of inlet that integrated by the engine. The results show that the designed geometry can meet the desired performance Requirements considering the fuel control system ability.

In this research, draft power, energy consumption, and Specific draft power for three and five shanks subsoilers, also slippage for tractor in subsoiling in 3.8 and 4.9 km/h in winged tine and regular tine were measured, The experimental designed was complete randomized block.Designe and analysis of data was factorial, and means comparison were at %1 level.Draft power and energy consumption for five shanks subsoiler were 68.2 percent greater than three shanks subsoiler. But Specific draft power for this subsoilers was not significant.With increase in tractor forward speed from 3.8 to 4.9 km/h, increased draft power, energy consumption, and Specific draft power were significantly at %1 . Also the wing, in tine type increases subsoiler's draft power, power consumption and Specific draft power significantly at %1 Both Subsoiler and tine types had significant effects on rear wheel drive slippage at %1 also amount of tractor forward speed had no significant effecte on rear wheel drive slippage.

Introduction: Disorders in the expression of any gene effective in spermatogenic pathway is known as a probable cause of non-obstructive azoospermia and male infertility. The way responsible genes for sperm motility are expressed can considerably affect male fertility. Recent studies show that TSGA10 gene is effective in the natural process of spermatogenesis as protein produced by this gene in mouse results in the production of the main structure of sperm tail. Up to now, no comprehensive studies have been done on the way this gene is expressed in the infertile's testical tissue.Materials & Methods: In this study, TSGA10 mRNA expression in testicular samples of 84 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia was investigated by semi-quantitative nested RT-PCR in Avesina Infertility Clinic during 2005-6. Moreover, expression levels of TSGA10 during spermatogenesis were evaluated using Johnsen's method for histopathologic scoring of the samples. For statistical analysis, SPSS software (Version 11.2) was used. The difference between gene expressions was done based on quantitative variables by the use of t-test and covariance analysis and α<0.05 was regarded as a statistically significant value.Results: Testicular TSGA10 mRNA expression was observed in 31 patients, (36.9%), with non-obstructive azoospermia which it had a statistically significant correlation with spermatogenesis progress (p<000.0). Histopathologically, the gene had been expressed in patients with higher Johnsen's score of spermatogenesis while a lack of expression was seen in all of those with Johnsen's score less than 4.5.Conclusion: The findings indicate that TSGA10 is expressed in human testis and it is restricted to germ cells. It seems that lack of TSGA10 expression may have negative effects on spermatogenesis and on male fertility. On the other hand, determination of the timing of gene expression in a certain level of spermatogenesis may also be used to determine levels of spermatogenesis in azoospermic patients alongside histopathological findings.